美国快餐饮食文化和词汇大全

　　美国快餐饮食文化和词汇大全
　　随着美国人生活节奏的加快，快餐食品便应运而生．其快餐连锁店遍及世界各地，其中影响最大的当属麦当劳快餐连锁店．供应的快餐食品有：汉堡包、烤牛肉、牛排、火腿、三明治、肯德鸡、油炸土豆片、烘馅饼、冰淇淋以及各种碳酸饮料等．
　　Fast Food 快餐食品
　　Fast-food chains，American-style， are currently on the increase all
over the world．Most of these places work on a similar principle． There
is a long counter ， above which is displayed a list（often with
pictures） of the items available， and behind which several
people（often students working for the minimum wage）are serving．
Individual queues form in front of each assistant ．You receive what
you order more or less immediately and take it on a tray to a table，
picking up thing like straws（吸管）， pepper， salt，
ketchup（蕃茄酱），pickles（泡菜）and napkins（usually paper napkins） on the
way．If you can't see any knives and forks ， this means you are
supposed to eat with your hands．If you can't see any straws， that's
because they are hiding in the straw dispenser（分配器） that you have to
fiddle（拨弄） with the bottom of it to get a straw（one at a time）to
emerge．When you've finished， you yourself throw away everything except
the tray．
　　Many fast-food places have drive-in facilities．You place your order
from your car via （通过） a microphone and then drive round to a special
window to pay and pick it up ．You may even encounter places where a
waitress bring your meal out， and you sit and eat it in the car from a
tray hooked over the door through the open window．
　　You may be asked if your order is "for here" or "to go "（i．e．to take
away）．In some states there is no sales tax on food consumed．
　　Types of Fast Food Restaurants 快餐店的种类
　　The most widespread type of fast-food restaurant is that serving
hamburgers， such as the chains of MacDonald．All the different chains
have their own specialties ．Arby's restaurants serve large roast beef，
ham and cheese， and turkey（火鸡） "sandwiches"． Some restaurant chains
specialize in serving steaks quickly and cheaply． And then there's
Kentucky Fried Chicken．
　　Chips 油炸土豆片
　　Chips in America are called "French fries" or "fries "for
short．（Note that in the USA " chips" mean crisps）．"French fries" are
normally thinner than chips．Americans generally put ketchup on their
chips ，and you will not normally find vinegar（醋）．
　　Pizzas（意大利式）烘焰饼
　　There are many specialty pizza restaurants in America， and many of
them take telephone orders and deliver pizzas to your home， which can
often be convenient．They come in different sizes， and a large one
can be big enough for a party of four people．If you want to share a
pizza but can't agree on the ingredients ， it is possible to order two
different sets of toppings ，one set on each half．
　　Ice-Cream 冰淇淋
　　Shops selling large number of different flavors of ice-cream are
very common in America． If you are not sure what flavor you want
，generally you can sample a small spoonful of a particular flavor to
see if you like it． You can either have your ice-cream in a "plain
cone"（普通型锥形物） or in a "sugar cone"（甜脆型锥形物）．
　　Soft Drinks 软饮料
　　Fast-food restaurants do not serve alcohol．The soft drinks most
often sold are Coca-Cola and Pepsi――Cola， plus fizzy drinks （which are
like lemonade）and root beer （which is like cough medicine）．Fizzy
drinks are known as "carbonated beverages"（碳酸饮料） or ，more
colloquially，"soda"，"pop"，"soda pop"，and "soft drinks"．
　　All these drinks come with lost of ice． In fact， you will probably
find as much ice as drink in your drink．If you ask for a soft drink
without ice， they will think you are funny but will probably
oblige．（They may charge you a bit extra， for ice is cheaper than
Coke．）
　　生活在美国(二) 美国人的用餐习惯
　　美国人吃饭用刀叉，而且他们的用餐方式是很有讲究的。因此，在应邀与美国朋友一起吃饭时，应特别注意他们的用餐习惯。一般情况下，餐桌上摆放有一幅餐刀和两幅餐叉，外边的餐叉供你吃色拉，里边的餐叉用于吃主食和其它点心食品，餐刀用来切肉食。如果你两手并用，应左手握叉，右手握刀，而且一次握刀时间不能太长。美国人的早餐有：炒或煮鸡蛋、香肠、油炸土豆片、薄煎饼、果子冻、烤面包、松饼、桔子汁以及咖啡等。
　　Eating Custom and Practice 用餐习惯
　　American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork,
and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a
few seconds is considered to be against good table manners.
　　The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife,
people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat
or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down,
transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport
the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is
considered good manners.
　　There are several results of this system. First, if it is not
absolutely necessary to use a knife, Americans don't use one, because
obviously this greatly complicates(使复杂化) things, and you will
therefore see them trying to cut things like potatoes, fish and even
bacon(熏猪肉) with a fork. Second, towards the end of a course, since
only one implement(器具) is being used, food has to be chased around the
plate with the fork ― and for the last mouthful the thumb has to be
used to keep the food in place, although one is not supposed to do
this.
　　Third, tables are generally laid with one knife and two forks, the
outside fork being for the salad. There is no need for foreign
visitors to follow the American system and try to eat the salad with
only a fork, but if you do use your knife, remember to save it for the
meat course. Even desserts(甜食) (except ice cream) are eaten with a
fork if at all possible, and the spoon you see by your dessert is
meant to be for coffee (but if you use it for your dessert no one will
say anything).
　　Some Breakfast Dishes 早餐食谱
　　Breakfast in a restaurant is a very enjoyable experience. If you
order eggs in a restaurant, the waiter/waitress will ask you how you
want them . You can reply that you want them "scrambled(炒)" or
"boiled". It is not sufficient, however, to ask for them "fried"; you
will have to specify whether you would prefer them "sunny-side-up"
(煎一面), "over"(两面煎), "over-easy/easy-over"(两面煎，但蛋黄仍然呈流体状). American
sausage(香肠) comes in slices and is quite spicy. But you can also have
link sausage.　　American bacon comes in small strips, can be rather
fat, and is served crispy. It is usually very tasty, and you can eat
it with your fingers.　"Hash brows"(油炸土豆片) are shredded(切成碎片的) and
fried potatoes. They are wonderful, especially with fried eggs and
ketchup(蕃茄酱).
　　"Pancakes", sometimes called "hot cakes", are made with baking
power. They are normally served in a pile, and you are supposed to put
butter and syrup(果浆) on them.
　　"Jelly"(果子冻) is jam and includes grape jelly, which is very tasty.
　　Toast is often served already buttered.
　　"English muffins(松饼)" are like small crumpets(烤饼) without the holes
and are served toasted. You put jam on them.
　　A "biscuit"(软饼) is a small, scone-like bread roll, often served hot.
　　Orange juice and coffee are often served with breakfast.
　　生活在美国(三) 美国人的主食
　　美国人吃午餐和吃晚餐之前通常要喝点鸡尾酒，但在加利福尼亚州，人们大都喝葡萄酒。吃主食之前，一般都要吃一盘色拉。炸磨茹和炸洋葱圈可作为开胃食品，牛排、猪排和鸡（腿）为主食，龙虾、贝壳类动物以及各种鱼类甚至包括淡水鱼被统称为海鲜。炸土豆条是深受人们喜爱而且几乎成了必不可少的食物。另外应特别注意的一点，如有吃剩的食物，一定要打包带回家，以免浪费。
　　Cocktail鸡尾酒
　　It is quite usual to drink cocktails before lunch and dinner in
America and somewhat less usual, except in California, to drink wine
with a meal. You can either have a cocktail in the bar, if there is
one, while you wait for a table or for friends, or you can have one
served before your dinner comes. At some restaurants the
waiter/waitress will come to your table as soon as you sit down to ask
if you want a cocktail, and you can then drink this while deciding
what to order to eat. At others, there may be a separate cocktail
waiter or waitress. In this case, you do not normally order wine from
him or her but from the normal waiter- or the wine waiter is there is
one.
　　Do not hesitate to order Californian wines. They can be excellent
and in many parts of the country are cheap.
　　Salad　色拉
　　It is usual to have a salad with your meal, and a separate plate is
provided for this purpose. The normal practice in America is to eat
the salad before the main course. A wonderful American invention is
the salad bar. In restaurants that have these salad bars the waiter
does not bring your salad. You go to the salad bar and help yourself,
usually to as much as you want. This is normally done after you have
ordered your meal; you eat the salad while the main course is being
cooked.
　　Choosing from the Menu　选菜
　　American menus can look rather confusing at first sight, for they
may use some terms which are unfamiliar to most visitors. Here are
some points which may be useful.
　　Fried mushrooms, fried onion rings (洋葱圈) and fried zucchini (小胡瓜)
are sometimes served as starters (第一道菜).
　　Potatoes most often come "French-fried" or baked. If you order a
baked potato, the waiter will ask you what you want on it. The choice
is butter and/or sour cream and sometimes chives (细香葱).
　　Very often vegetables do not come automatically with the meal, and
you have to pay extra for them.
　　"Scrod" (小鳕鱼), "red snapper" (啮龟) and "mahi hahi" are all name of
fish. "Seafood" means lobster (龙虾), shellfish and fish, including,
funnily enough, freshwater fish! Prawns (对虾) are known as "shrimp".
　　American beef is usually good and often wonderful.
　　American salt and pepper (糊椒粉) pots are confusing until you realize
that the salt pot may look like a pepper pot except that the salt
pot's holes are bigger. Pepper is normally black rather than white.
American mustard (芥末) is mild and normally eaten with hot dogs or
hamburgers rather than meat.
　　And that stuff in a dish that looks ice cream is actually whipped
(搅拌过的) butter.
　　Leftovers　吃剩的食物
　　You have probably heard that in American restaurants, if you can't
finish your meal, you can put the remains in a "doggy bag" and take
them home. This is quite true. If you leave some meat, in particular,
your waiter may ask you if you'd like him to put it into "a little
bag", or you can ask him to do this.
　　生活在美国(四) 美国用餐常识
　　中国菜着重色、香、味， 西餐讲究实惠。初到美国餐馆用餐，应该注意如下事项：
　　1）选择合适的餐馆（如：家庭式餐馆、特色餐馆以及自助式餐馆等）；
　　2）餐馆营业时间（上午11：30开门营业，直到夜晚）；
　　3）一般都应事先预订餐位：
　　4）到达餐馆后，不能径直地到餐桌旁入桌，除非餐厅有"随意就坐"的告示；
　　5）付款时，别忘了留给服务员一定比例的小费（一般为实际总额的10%～15%）。
　　Eating out is one of the joy of being in the USA. The food is
usually good and often excellent; the prices are reasonable ; and the
service is mostly fine.
　　Choosing a Restaurant 选择餐馆
　　Some restaurants are open for breakfast; others are open twenty-four
hours a day. A number of restaurants call themselves "family
restaurants". Many of these serve no alcohol and have fairly
restricted menus which include steaks, hamburgers, novelettes(炒蛋) and
sandwiches, and all are at very reasonable prices. They may also serve
smaller and cheaper children's portions(份餐). Note that many American
restaurants are "specialty" restaurants . They may serve only, or
mainly , steaks , seafood, etc.
　　When to Eat 供餐时间
　　Many restaurants, especially the more expensive ones, open at about
11：30 a.m.(midday, rather than 1 p.m. , is the most normal time for
lunch in the USA), and some remain open until the evening, so it is
possible to order a meal throughout the afternoon.
　　In many areas it is usual for people to leave work and go out for an
evening meal at 5 p.m. or 6 p.m. , than waiting until later.
　　Reserving a Table 预订餐位
　　Eating out is rather popular in the USA. And it is often necessary
to make a reservation. You will sometimes see short queues of people
waiting for tables at restaurants-it's more pleasant to wait in the
bar , of course, if there is one-but there queues more quickly.
　　Arriving at Restaurant 到达餐馆
　　When you arrive at most restaurant, you should not just go in and
sit down-unless you see a sign saying "Please seat yourself" . Usually
you will have to wait for a "hostess" or "captain"(领班) to escort(陪同)
you to a table . Often there will be a sign that reads "Please wait to
be seated".
　　Do not expect to share a table with other parties, even if the
restaurant is crowed . It just isn't done.
　　Many restaurant have a no-smoking section, in some place by lows.
　　One excellent American custom is that after you have sat down your
waiter or waitress will often bring you a glass or water(with ice
naturally) and will keep on refilling it throughout the meal. (Most
American are incapable of eating a meal without drinking something at
the same time.)
　　When your waiter or waitress takes your order, it is not very normal
for one person to order for the whole table. Each person orders
separately , except in the most expensive restaurants.
　　Summoning a waiter 召唤侍者
　　You may find your waiter unusually friendly. He may ask you how you
are (You're supposed just to say "Fine"), inquire whether you have a
good day and , later on say that he hopes you will enjoy your meal.
　　To summon a waiter in a American restaurant you may call "Bill", or
"Mary", or "Claude", or whatever. Waiters and waitresses often
actually introduce themselves when they first come to your table or
wear name tags, you are permitted to use their first names.
　　Paying the Bill 付款
　　The bill (often called the "check") comes usually with tax added but
no service chare-though some restaurant do now add a service charge.
The etiquette(规矩) books say that you should leave a ten per cent
tip(小费) for lunch, fifteen per cent for dinner. The tip should be
calculated on the basis of the total before the addition of tax.
　　At many restaurant you can ask the waiter to bring the bill and than
pay at a cash desk on the way out.
　　生活在美国(五) 美国人的酒
　　酒的种类
　　美国的酒大致可分为啤酒、鸡尾酒、威士忌和葡萄酒。啤酒有淡啤酒和浓啤酒之别；包装采用瓶装、听装和壶装。鸡尾酒和"混合饮料"含有很浓的酒精成分，饮用方式一般有加冰和不加冰两种，其配制方式各种各样。威士忌也是一种烈性酒，而且呈油状，分为黑麦威士忌和苏格兰威士忌。葡萄酒分为红、白两种，但值得注意的是：标有"Chablis"商标的葡萄酒并非法国所产的无甜味的白葡萄酒，而是美国加利弗尼亚州生产的白葡萄酒，该酒在美国享有盛誉。
　　Beer
　　American beer, with very few exceptions, varies from the
mediocre(普通的) to the terrible. There are not many types of beer in the
US―"light" and "dark" are two terms commonly used.
　　It is therefore normal to order beer simply by brand name. In a
restaurant, in fact, it is quite all right to order "a beer", and they
will tell you what they have.
　　It is not necessary, either, to specify quantity when ordering beer.
If it comes in bottles or cans, you will get a bottle or can, and if
it's "on tap"(可以随时取用的) you will get a glass, unless you order a
"pitcher"(有嘴和柄的大酒罐 i.e. a jug). The latter is very convenient thing to
do, since you can then take the jug and glasses to your table and keep
filling up without going back to the bar. (It is harder, however, to
know how much you have drunk.)
　　Some beer comes in bottles with tops that look as if they need an
opener, but you can, in fact, screw(拧开) them off by hand―though you
have to be very careful not to hurt yourself. It is possible, in some
stores and bars, to find a wide selection of beer from all over the
world, especially Western Europe and Australia, and it is good fun to
experiment with these.
　　Cocktails
　　Cocktails and "mixed drinks" are much more popular and rather
stronger in the USA than in Europe, and visitors may not be familiar
with some of the terminology(术语). "On the rocks", as you probably
know, means with ice, while "straight up" or "up" means neat and
without ice.
　　There are hundreds of different cocktails, and there is no space
here to list all the different names.
　　The Hard Stuff
　　In America "whiskey" means bourbon(一种烈性威士忌酒，最初为美国肯塔基州Bourbon地区所产)
unless otherwise indicated. Bourbon is a rather oily spirit made from
maize(玉米). Rye(黑麦威士忌酒) whiskey is called "rye" and Scotch whiskey
"Scotch".
　　Wine
　　In bars wine can often be bought by the glass. Don't be misled by
names such as "Chablis" is used to refer to white wine, and "Burgundy"
to red―Americans seem never to have heard of white Burgundy..
　　饮酒与法律
　　在美国及各州、市、县对饮酒都制定了相关的法律。顾客要饮酒必须达到法定的年龄，一般规定在18至21岁以上。顾客进酒吧时，常需接受保安人员对其年龄进行核实。此时，只需出示自己的驾照或其他有效证件即可，因为这些证件上注有持证人的出生日期。
　　Alcohol(含酒精的饮料) and the law
　　It is difficult to give a description of American laws concerning
alcohol because they vary from state to state and city to city. The
following, though, may be noted.
　　Some towns, even state are totally is sold at all except that they
allow the sale of very weak (3.2 percent alcohol) beer, known as
"three-two" beer. Some places do not allow the sale of alcohol on
Sundays, even in shops―you may find a bar locked over the alcohol
shelves. You can see it but not buy it! Other places permit alcohol to
be sold on Sunday afternoons and evenings, but not on Sunday mornings.
(Note that this means sales have to stop at midnight on Saturday.)In
many parts of America, you are not allowed to drink alcohol in a
public place. That is, you may not sit in a parlor walk along a street
drinking beer, and you cannot even take a nice bottle of wine on your
picnic. In some places, people can be seen taking drinks in public
places from cans wrapped in brown-paper bags. These are not cans of
Coca-Cola. And in many states you are not allowed to drink alcohol
while driving, or even have an opened alcohol container in the car.
Some bars have a license(执照) only for beer and wine. Others are also
allowed to sell spirits(烈性酒) and thus, as Americans say, "mixed
drinks".
　　Many bars have a period known as "happy hour", often longer than an
hour, when they sell drinks at lower-than-usual prices. This is
usually around 5 p.m. and may be only on certain days of the week.
　　The Legal Drinking Age
　　Legal drinking age varies from place to place but is generally
between 18 to 21. Some places permit the consumption(消费) of beer at 18
but spirits only at 21. Others permit the consumption only of
"three-two" beer from 18 to 21. (Young people therefore often drive
from one place to another with more liberal drinking laws.) In any
case, in some parts of the USA young people are allowed to vote,
marry, raise children, keep full-time jobs, be tried in courts as
adults, join the army and even buy guns―but NOT have a glass of beer.
In some places people aged between 18 to 21 are allowed to go into
bars but not allowed to drink. Another even more interesting aspect of
American drinking-age laws is that in some places people below legal
drinking age are not even allowed to sell alcohol.
　　Providing Proof of Your Age
　　In most places these drinking laws are fairly rigidly
enforced(严格地实施). You may, for example, find people lining up to get
into a bar and discover that the queue is caused by a guard on the
door who is asking everybody for ID(身份证). If you ask him why he wants
to know who you are, he will inform you that he actually wants
confirmation(确认) of how old you are. On such occasions Americans often
show their driving licenses, which have their date of birth written on
them.